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2026-05-11 09:53:27
Understanding Accelerometers: Principles, Materials, and Industrial Applications
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What is an Accelerometer? Where is it Applied?
The world of accelerometers encompasses a diverse range of technologies, from purely mechanical devices such as vibration switches to advanced electronic designs including fiber optic, strain gauge, piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, and MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) sensors. MEMS designs have gained popularity in applications where extreme precision is not required, such as consumer electronics and automotive systems. However, for industrial machinery monitoring—particularly in critical rotating equipment applications—piezoelectric accelerometers remain the gold standard due to their reliability, accuracy, and robustness in harsh environments.
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01. The Piezoelectric Effect: Fundamental Principle
A piezoelectric accelerometer operates on a simple principle: mechanical stress on certain materials generates an electrical charge proportional to the applied force. Discovered by the Curie brothers in 1880, this effect responds to compression, tension, or shear. By Newton’s second law (F = m × a), force and acceleration are proportional for constant mass. Thus, a force-detecting sensor measures acceleration. This relationship, converting mechanical stress to charge output, makes piezoelectric accelerometers possible. -
02. Piezoelectric Materials: Crystals vs. Ceramics
Piezoelectric accelerometer materials include crystals, ceramics, and polymers, all exhibiting the piezoelectric effect. Quartz crystals offer better long-term stability but smaller output. Ceramics like PZT provide stronger output, requiring less amplification and achieving superior SNR, though they can degrade; artificial aging reduces this. The industry has shifted toward ceramics and shear-mode designs over compression-mode. Shear mode offers stronger output, better SNR, and reduced sensitivity to thermal transients, preloads, and the “ski slope” effect.
How to Choose an Accelerometer?
Select based on temperature, frequency range, and environment. Use charge-mode for extreme heat (>150°C), shear-mode piezoelectric for most industrial monitoring, and velocity sensors for low-speed machinery. Ensure stud mounting for permanent installations, verify output compatibility with your monitoring system, and prioritize high signal-to-noise ratio for early fault detection in critical rotating equipment.
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03. Accelerometer Construction and Charge Mode Designs
Compression-mode designs are simple but prone to base strain and false vibration. Isolated compression and shear-mode designs reduce this issue. Charge-mode accelerometers convert charge to voltage via an external charge amplifier when temperatures exceed ~150°C. For very high temperatures (e.g., gas turbines), the sensing element mounts separately from the amplifier. Examples include sensors rated to 482°C with separate amplifiers limited to 125°C or lower, linked by high-temperature cable. -
04. Integral and High-Temperature Accelerometer Designs
Except for high-temperature applications, most industrial accelerometers have an integrated charge amplifier, e.g., Bently Nevada 330400, giving voltage outputs like 100mV/g. Early models like the 23732 used external interface modules and special coaxial cable but have been replaced by 330400/330425, which retain 3-wire design for backward compatibility without external modules. For very high temperatures, the 330750 HTVS uses a separate charge amplifier/signal conditioner with up to 8m cable to isolate electronics from heat.
Why choose to buy Bently Nevada accelerometers and speed sensors from Amikon?
Amikon offers genuine Bently Nevada sensors with fast delivery from large stock. We eliminate long lead times, ensuring your critical machinery monitoring projects stay on schedule. With expert support and competitive pricing, Amikon provides a reliable supply chain for oil, gas, and power industries. Choose Amikon for authenticity, speed, and peace of mind.
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Contact UsFrequently Asked Questions
Q:What frequency range do they cover?
A:The AM series covers 0.2 Hz to 14 kHz. The 330400/330425 models have a frequency response of 10 Hz to 15 kHz
Q:What is the difference between an accelerometer and a Velomitor?
A:What is the difference between an accelerometer and a Velomitor? Accelerometers (e.g., 330400) measure acceleration, ideal for high-frequency applications like gear mesh,Velomitor (Piezo-velocity sensor) measures velocity directly, often preferred for casing vibration on large rotating machines.
Q:Can they be used in high-temperature environments?
A:Yes, specific systems like the 330450 High Temperature Acceleration System (HTAS) separate the sensing element from the electronics to withstand extreme heat.
References
https://dam.bakerhughes.com/m/6a801b285e02680d/original/Q2-2021-Accelerometers-How-Do-They-Work-Orbit-Article.pdf?_ga=2.240608388.626236958.1686634411-145811092.1683113937
https://www.bakerhughes.com/bently-nevada/sensors/acceleration-velocity-sensors
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